Proverb and Riddle

1.      Proverb

Every culture has a collection of wise sayings that offer advice about how to live your life. These sayings are called by "proverbs".

Example: Time is money = Waktu adalah uang.

(Waktu sangat berharga atau penting maka manusia harus menggunakan waktu sebaik mungkin)

Kinds of Proverbs:

1.      Aphorism (Pepatah)

This proverb offers advice.

Example : Don’t go too far in small.

(Persoalan kecil jangan dibesar-besarkan).

2.   Parable (Perumpamaan)

That has a moral lesson and has parable.

Example   : To carry coals to New-castle.

 (Bagai membuang garam kelaut)

3.   Slogan (Pameo)

This proverb gives spirit or motivation.

Example   :

1.      Early bird gets worm

(Tuhan akan memberikan rezeki kepada makhluk-Nya yang lebih dulu bangun)

2.      Diligence is the mistress of success.

(Kerajinan pangkal kesuksesan)

4.   Idiom

It is a phrase that has group of words with a different meaning from the meaning of all the individual word.

Example :

1.      Pull your sock up. (improve your behaviour)

2.      You can arrange your bedroom at will. (sesuka hati)

3.      Don’t mention it. (You’re welcome)

Task 1

What does it mean?

1.               Better late than never.

2.               Don’t go too far in small.

3.               By learning to obey we know to command.

4.                A friend in need is a friend indeed.

5.               Actions speak louder than words.

Work in Group.

Work in group and find the meaning of following proverb that is in film.

1.               It’s not what is outside but what in inside that count. (Aladdin)

2.               Always let your conscience be your guide. (Pinokio)

3.               It’s doesn’t matter. It’s in the past. The past can hurt. But the way I see it, you can either run from it, or learn from it.

Individual work

1.        Find 5 proverbs and the meaning!

Pedoman Penilaian Task 1

Soal berbentuk uraian. Jawaban benar skor 20, jawaban kurang tepat skor 10, jawaban salah skor 0

2.      Riddle

A riddle is a type of poetry that describes something without actually naming what it is, leaving the reader to guess. It is a light hearted type of poetry which involves the reader.

Riddles can be about anything, from riddles about animals to riddles about objects. There are no rules on how to structure a riddle poem, a riddle can be funny or it can rhyme, it depends on the person writing the riddle.

Example:

1.       It’s an animal. It’s an orange black. It has stripes. It has four paws. It lives in the jungle. What is it?

It is a  Lion.

2.      “Three eyes have I, all in a row; when the red one opens, all freeze.” The answer is traffic light.

3.      Example of Rhyming  Riddle

I come in different style.

I can help you walk for  miles.

Come in pair.

I’m somethiing what you wear.

With heals I’m glam

Can you guest what I am?

I am a ..

Exercise.

Match and Find the answer of the following riddle.

1. What building has the most stories? 2.   What is broken every time it’s spoken? 3.   What four letter word can be read upside down, downside up, and up to down? 4.   What animal walks on all fours in the morning, two in the afternoon and three in the evening?” 5.   What falls, but does not break, and what breaks but does not fall? 6.   I have holes in my top and bottom, my left and right, and in the middle. But I still hold water. What am I? 7.   What can run but never walks, has a mouth but never talks, has a head but never weeps, has a bed but never sleeps? 8.   I never was, am always to be. No one ever saw me, nor ever will. And yet I am the confidence of all. To live and breathe on this terrestrial ball. What am I? 9.   I am the black child of a white father, a wingless bird, flying even to the clouds of heaven. I give birth to tears of mourning in pupils that meet me, even though there is no cause for grief, and at once on my birth I am dissolved into air. What am I? 10.  Pronounced as one letter. And written with three. Two letters there are. And two only in me. I'm double, I'm single. I'm black, blue, and grey. I'm read from both ends. And the same either way. What am I? Written by: Arifta Lantita Jinggaa (@ariftatita)

a.    An eye. b.    Smoke c.    Tomorrow d.   Night falls and day breaks. e.    A river. f.     A man, since he crawls as a child then walks and uses a cane when he gets older. g.    library h.    A sponge i.      silence j.      N O O N

Download Materi Pragmatics (Maxim)

In daily life a person unconsciously communicates with others in many ways such as language, gestures and expressions. In communication he/she is expected to give or share information with others. In order to make a conversation understood by the speaker and the hearer, there must be the general principle of language use, which is called the cooperative principle (Renkema, 1993: 9). The principle states that the speaker gives contribution in conversation in which the speaker is engaged. This cooperative principle contains four categories, which are formulated as basic rules or maxims. Those four maxims are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner.

a.      Definition of Maxim

Maxim is a set of norms which language users adhere to in order to uphold the effectiveness and efficiency of communication.(Hatim and Mason, 1990: 242).

Based on Lavinson (1983:103) stated that Grice’s maxims above specify what participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, cooperative way: the participant should speak sincerely, relevantly, and clearly while providing sufficient information.

While  based on other expert maxim is the assumption  of cooperation  is so pervasive that it can be started as a cooperative principle of conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles. (George Yule, 2003:37).

Based on the definitions above, the researcher can conclude that maxim is expresses a general truth or rule of behavior.

b.    Kinds of Maxim

1. The maxim of quantity, where one tries to be as informative as one possibly can, and gives as much information as is needed, and no more.

Example:

A: “Where are you going?”

B: “I’m going to the post office.”

2. The maxim of quality, where one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence.

Example:

A: ”What is the quality of that skirt?

B: ”That Skirt is good quality.”

3. The maxim of relation, where one tries to be relevant, and says things that are pertinent to the discussion.

In many cases the relevance of an answer needs to be inferred on the basis of information from the context. Leech (1983: 94) provides the following example:

A: Where is my box of chocolates?

B: It’s in your room.

can be compared to

A: Where is my box of chocolates?

B: The children were in your room this morning.

B’s contribution in the first example abides by the maxim of relevance, since a direct and appropriate answer to the question is given. B’s answer in the second example appears not to be relevant to the question at first sight. However, the second example could still be relevant to the speaker. A will assume that B abides by the cooperative principle and will therefore infer that specific implied meanings are being conveyed. In the example given, such implicates could be that the children may have eaten the chocolate, or that the children may know where the chocolate is, as they were in A’s room.

4. The maxim of manner, when one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one avoids obscurity and ambiguity.

     Maxim of Manner requires the speaker to avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity. Maxim of manner demands the speaker to be brief and orderly. Below are the examples of utterance that obeys the maxim of manner and that one violates the maxim!

Example of obeying:

1.      A: Where was Alfred yesterday?

B: Alfred went to the store and bought some whiskey.

2.      A: How did you finish your paper?

B: I finished my paper seriously.

In the  firstexample, B’s answer obeys the manner maxim: be orderly, because she gives a clear explanation where A was.

Download material about Pragmatigs, you can click this!

Material about Morphology

MORPHOLOGY: THE WORDS OF LANGUAGE

morphe (Greek) = shape, form
-ology = "science of"

MORPHOLOGY
The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed.

To know a word, is to know

* spelling
* pronunciation
* definition
* part of speech
* history
* non-standard/slang
* whether the word is vulgar
* whether the word is obsolete
* examples


LEXICON

* The component of the grammar containing speakers’ knowledge about morphemes and words.
* a speaker’s mental dictionary.

Each word stored in our mental dictionaries must be listed with its unique phonological representation, which determines its pronunciation, and with its meaning. For literate speakers, the spelling or orthography of most of the words we know is also in our lexicons.

Other information listed in our mental lexicon includes:

* Grammatical category, or syntactic class such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and so on
* Semantic properties (meanings).


Homonyms (homophones) ? Different words with the same sounds: bear bare


I. CLASSES OF WORDS

1. Lexical Content Words (Open Class Words)

* The classes of words that are defined as words which have stateable LEXICAL MEAING - The majority of words in the language apart from the few FUNCION words. Lexical Content Words are also called pen class words, since we can add new words to these classes.

Example: download : means to transfer information from one computer system to another (This entered English with the computer revolution)


Nouns (attached by the suffix -s to mark plural, take ’s to mark possessive)

One book, two books
John'sbook

Verbs (attached by the suffixes -ed, -s, -ing, -en): walked, walks, walking, brighten

Adjectives (attached by the suffixes -er, -est or use with ‘more’, ‘most’; occur with verbs like ‘be’, ‘seem’, ‘appear’)

taller , tallest, morebeautiful, most beautiful
be happy, seem happy

Adverbs (attached by the suffix -ly; or use with ‘more’, ‘most’)

nicely , more beautifully


* We can and regularly do add new words to these classes

2. Function Words (Grammatical Words) --closed class words

* The class of words whose role is largely or wholly grammatical and do not carry the main semantic content.
* They are also called closed class words since the number of function words are limited in a language.

Determiners articles the, a/an, some, lots of, few
Auxiliary can, could, shall, should, may, might, must
Negation no, not
Relations subordinate conjunction while
Intensifier very, too
Connectors and, or, but (connect two independent clauses)
Preposition in, of
Pronouns I, me, mine, he, she, and so on


II. MORPHEME

* the smallest unit of linguistic meaning.
* A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes.

Example: un+system+atic+al+ly ( the word unsystematically can be analyzed into 5 separate morphemes) A grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.
* * Every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.

One morpheme boy (one syllable)
desire, lady, water (two syllables)
crocodile (three syllables)
salamander (four syllables), or more syllables
Two morpheme boy + ish
desire + able
Three morpheme boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity
Four morpheme gentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ity
More than four un + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism


1. Free Morphemes : Morphemes which can be used as a word on its own (without the need for further elements, i.e. affixes)

Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy..


2. Bound Morphemes: Morphemes which cannot occur on its own as an independent (or separate) word.


* Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix) are all bound morphemes.

Prefixes

Suffixes

Infixes
Circumfixes (discontinuous morpheme)
Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes.
Examples:
un- (uncover, undo)
dis- (displeased, disconnect),
pre- (predetermine, prejudge) Bound morphemes which occur
following other morphemes.
Examples:
-er (singer, performer)
-ist (typist, pianist)
-ly (manly, friendly) Bound morphemes which are inserted
into other morphemes.
Example:
fikas "strong"
fumikas "to be strong"
(Bontoc Language) Bound morphemes that are attached to a root or
stem morpheme both initially and finally.
Example:
chokma "he is good"
ik + chokm + o "he isn’t’ good"
(Chickasaw Language)

3. Root vs. Stem

Root

Stem
Non-affix lexical content morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts
(ex.) cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc..

* Free Root Morpheme: run bottle, phone, etc.
* Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.



* When a root morpheme is combined with affix morphemes, it forms a stem.
* Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem.

Root believe (verb)
Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)
Word un + believe + able (prefix + verb + suffix)

Root system (noun)
Stem system + atic (noun + suffix)
Stem un + system + atic (prefix + noun + suffix)
Stem un + system + atic + al (prefix + noun + suffix + suffix)
Word un + system + atic + al + ly prefix + noun + suffix + suffix + suffix


4. Derivational morphemes vs. Inflectional Morphemes (Bound morphemes)

Derivational Morphemes

Inflectional Morphemes
1. Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems. 1. Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes
2. They can be both suffixes and prefixes in English.
Examples: beautiful, exactly, unhappy, impossible, recover
2. They are only found in suffixes in English.
Examples: boys, Mary’s , walked
3. Change of Meaning
Examples: un+do (the opposite meaning of ‘do’)
sing+er ( deriving a new word with the meaning of a person who sings). 3. No change of Meaning
Examples: walk vs. walks
toy vs. toys
4. Change of the syntactic category (optionally)

i) Change of category

Noun to Adjective boy (noun) + ish ----> boyish (adj.)
Elizabeth (noun) + an ----> Elizabethan (adj.)
affection (noun) + ate ---->affectionate (adj.)

Verb to Noun sing (Verb) + er ----> singer (noun)
predict (Verb) + ion ----> prediction (noun)

Adjective to Adverb exact (adj) + ly ----> exactly (adv)
quiet (adj) + ly ----> quietly (adv.)

Noun to Verb moral (noun) + ize ----> moralize (verb)

Adjective to Noun specific (Adj.) + ity ---->specificity (noun)


ii) No change of category

friend+ship (Noun --> Noun)
pink+ish (Adjective --> Adjective)
re+print (Verb --> Verb)

4. Never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to they which they are attached.


* They are always attached to completed words


Examples: walk vs. walked or walks (V--> V)
boy vs. boys (N --> N)
eat vs. eating (progressive) (V-->V)

* In English, inflectional morphemes typically follow derivational morphemes

Examples: unlikelihood, unlikelihoods (not *unlikeslihood)



5. English Inflectional Morphemes Examples
-s third person singular present She waits at home.
-ed past tense She waited at home.
-ing progressive She is eating the donut.
-en past participle Mary has eaten the donuts.
-s plural She ate the donuts.
-’s possessive Disa's hair is short.
-er comparative Disa has shorter hair than Karin.
-est superlative Disa has the shortest hair.





III. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: IDENTIFYING MORPHEMES

Suppose that we collected the following sets or paradigms of forms

Paku (textbook pp.96) ( the language used by the monkey people called Pakuni)

me "I" meni "we"
ye "you(singular)" yeni "you(plural)"
we "he" weni "they(masculine)"
wa "she" wani "they(feminine)"
abuma "girl" abumani "girls"
adusa "boy" adusani "boys"
abu "child" abuni "children"

To detemine what the morphemes are in such a list, what you have to do is to see if there are any forms that mean the same thing in different words, that is, to look for recurring forms. We find -ni occuring in all the words in the right column which are plurals. Therefore, we can conclude that ?ni as a separate morpheme meaning "plural" which is attached to as a suffix to a noun.

In more complex cases, the next step will be to make a list of all the morphemes we find including free morphemes (root) and bound morphemes and indicate what the meaning of each morpheme and also whether they are root morphemes or bound morphemes. When you find bound morphemes, you also need to indicate whether they are derivational morphemes or inflectional morphemes.